See reification on Wiktionary
{ "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0", "word": "dereification" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0", "word": "reify" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "de", "3": "Verdinglichung", "nocap": "1" }, "expansion": "calque of German Verdinglichung", "name": "calque" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "la", "3": "rēs", "4": "", "5": "thing" }, "expansion": "Latin rēs (“thing”)", "name": "der" } ], "etymology_text": "First attested around 1846; a macaronic calque of German Verdinglichung, using -ification (“making”) for ver- + -lich + -ung, and Latin rēs (“thing”) for Ding (“thing”)", "forms": [ { "form": "reifications", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "~" }, "expansion": "reification (countable and uncountable, plural reifications)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [], "examples": [ { "ref": "2002, Timothy Bewes, Reification: Or The Anxiety of Late Capitalism, Verso, →ISBN, page 146:", "text": "The reification of art and religion, a symptom of their historical obsolescence, takes the form of their instrumentalization, their reduction to a mere use value. At this point they become ‘cultural goods’, writes Adorno, and ‘are no longer taken quite seriously by anybody.’", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2018, Pieter Seuren, Saussure and Sechehaye […] , BRILL, →ISBN, page 209:", "text": "Computer scientists found out how functional reification is in programming languages: they call it ‘object-oriented programming’ […].", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2022 September 20, Danielle Carr, “Mental Health Is Political”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:", "text": "Reification swaps out a political problem for a scientific or technical one; it’s how, for example, the effects of unregulated tech oligopolies become “social media addiction,” how climate catastrophe caused by corporate greed becomes a “heat wave” — and, by the way, how the effect of struggles between labor and corporations combines with high energy prices to become “inflation.”", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "The consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living." ], "id": "en-reification-en-noun-RpR4Nb9Z", "links": [ [ "abstract", "abstract" ], [ "concrete", "concrete" ], [ "inanimate", "inanimate" ], [ "living", "living" ] ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "materializirane", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "материализиране" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "jùxiànghuà", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "具象化" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "konkretisointi" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "réification" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Verdinglichung" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Vergegenständlichung" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Reifikation" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "ypostatopoíisi", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "υποστατοποίηση" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "חיפצון" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "siljaehwa", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "실재화" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "opredmetuvanje", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "опредметување" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "tingliggjøring" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "reificação" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "reifikacija", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "реификация" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "cosificación" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "reificación" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "cisimleştirme" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "maddeleştirme" }, { "_dis1": "84 13 2 1", "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "soyutlaştırma" } ] }, { "glosses": [ "The consideration of a human being as an impersonal object." ], "id": "en-reification-en-noun-uFiyFgS4", "links": [ [ "human being", "human being" ] ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Programming", "orig": "en:Programming", "parents": [ "Computing", "Software engineering", "Technology", "Computer science", "Engineering", "Software", "All topics", "Sciences", "Applied sciences", "Media", "Fundamental", "Communication" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "3 4 67 26", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "9 6 61 24", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -ification", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "5 3 77 15", "kind": "other", "name": "Entries with translation boxes", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 5 71 18", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 1 entry", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "4 3 68 26", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 17 56 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 16 60 18", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Finnish translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 3 71 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with French translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "8 7 65 21", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with German translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 4 72 18", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Greek translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 17 56 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Hebrew translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 17 56 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Korean translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 28 49 17", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Macedonian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 8 66 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Mandarin translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 17 56 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Norwegian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 28 49 17", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "6 4 69 20", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Russian translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "5 3 74 18", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Spanish translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 17 58 19", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Turkish translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "ref": "2020, Marco Faella, Seriously Good Software: Code that works, survives, and wins, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 251:", "text": "Contrary to Java, C++ and C# implement generics via reification, meaning that each specific version of a generic class, like List<String> is converted into a concrete class, either at compile time (C++) or at runtime (C#).", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A process that makes a computable/addressable object out of a non-computable/addressable one; or a concrete class out of a generic one." ], "id": "en-reification-en-noun-mTZmcxlN", "links": [ [ "programming", "programming#Noun" ], [ "concrete", "concrete" ], [ "generic", "generic" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(programming) A process that makes a computable/addressable object out of a non-computable/addressable one; or a concrete class out of a generic one." ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ], "topics": [ "computing", "engineering", "mathematics", "natural-sciences", "physical-sciences", "programming", "sciences" ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "2 2 90 5", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "programming: Process that makes out of a non-computable/addressable object a computable/addressable one", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Reifizierung" } ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Linguistics", "orig": "en:Linguistics", "parents": [ "Language", "Social sciences", "Communication", "Sciences", "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" } ], "glosses": [ "The transformation of a natural-language statement into a form in which its actions and events are quantifiable variables." ], "id": "en-reification-en-noun-VTs8vziF", "links": [ [ "linguistics", "linguistics" ], [ "transformation", "transformation" ], [ "natural-language", "natural language" ], [ "statement", "statement" ], [ "quantifiable", "quantifiable" ], [ "variable", "variable" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(linguistics) The transformation of a natural-language statement into a form in which its actions and events are quantifiable variables." ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "linguistics", "sciences" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˌɹeɪəfəˈkeɪʃən/" }, { "enpr": "rāəfəkāshən" }, { "rhymes": "-eɪʃən" } ], "synonyms": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0", "word": "hypostatization" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0", "word": "materialization" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0", "word": "objectification" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0", "word": "pathetic fallacy" }, { "_dis1": "0 0 0 0", "word": "thingification" } ], "wikipedia": [ "reification" ], "word": "reification" }
{ "categories": [ "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms calqued from German", "English terms derived from German", "English terms derived from Latin", "English terms suffixed with -ification", "English uncountable nouns", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/eɪʃən", "Rhymes:English/eɪʃən/5 syllables", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Turkish translations" ], "derived": [ { "word": "dereification" }, { "word": "reify" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "de", "3": "Verdinglichung", "nocap": "1" }, "expansion": "calque of German Verdinglichung", "name": "calque" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "la", "3": "rēs", "4": "", "5": "thing" }, "expansion": "Latin rēs (“thing”)", "name": "der" } ], "etymology_text": "First attested around 1846; a macaronic calque of German Verdinglichung, using -ification (“making”) for ver- + -lich + -ung, and Latin rēs (“thing”) for Ding (“thing”)", "forms": [ { "form": "reifications", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "~" }, "expansion": "reification (countable and uncountable, plural reifications)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "2002, Timothy Bewes, Reification: Or The Anxiety of Late Capitalism, Verso, →ISBN, page 146:", "text": "The reification of art and religion, a symptom of their historical obsolescence, takes the form of their instrumentalization, their reduction to a mere use value. At this point they become ‘cultural goods’, writes Adorno, and ‘are no longer taken quite seriously by anybody.’", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2018, Pieter Seuren, Saussure and Sechehaye […] , BRILL, →ISBN, page 209:", "text": "Computer scientists found out how functional reification is in programming languages: they call it ‘object-oriented programming’ […].", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2022 September 20, Danielle Carr, “Mental Health Is Political”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:", "text": "Reification swaps out a political problem for a scientific or technical one; it’s how, for example, the effects of unregulated tech oligopolies become “social media addiction,” how climate catastrophe caused by corporate greed becomes a “heat wave” — and, by the way, how the effect of struggles between labor and corporations combines with high energy prices to become “inflation.”", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "The consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living." ], "links": [ [ "abstract", "abstract" ], [ "concrete", "concrete" ], [ "inanimate", "inanimate" ], [ "living", "living" ] ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ] }, { "glosses": [ "The consideration of a human being as an impersonal object." ], "links": [ [ "human being", "human being" ] ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ] }, { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations", "en:Programming" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "2020, Marco Faella, Seriously Good Software: Code that works, survives, and wins, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 251:", "text": "Contrary to Java, C++ and C# implement generics via reification, meaning that each specific version of a generic class, like List<String> is converted into a concrete class, either at compile time (C++) or at runtime (C#).", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A process that makes a computable/addressable object out of a non-computable/addressable one; or a concrete class out of a generic one." ], "links": [ [ "programming", "programming#Noun" ], [ "concrete", "concrete" ], [ "generic", "generic" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(programming) A process that makes a computable/addressable object out of a non-computable/addressable one; or a concrete class out of a generic one." ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ], "topics": [ "computing", "engineering", "mathematics", "natural-sciences", "physical-sciences", "programming", "sciences" ] }, { "categories": [ "en:Linguistics" ], "glosses": [ "The transformation of a natural-language statement into a form in which its actions and events are quantifiable variables." ], "links": [ [ "linguistics", "linguistics" ], [ "transformation", "transformation" ], [ "natural-language", "natural language" ], [ "statement", "statement" ], [ "quantifiable", "quantifiable" ], [ "variable", "variable" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(linguistics) The transformation of a natural-language statement into a form in which its actions and events are quantifiable variables." ], "tags": [ "countable", "uncountable" ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "linguistics", "sciences" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˌɹeɪəfəˈkeɪʃən/" }, { "enpr": "rāəfəkāshən" }, { "rhymes": "-eɪʃən" } ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "hypostatization" }, { "word": "materialization" }, { "word": "objectification" }, { "word": "pathetic fallacy" }, { "word": "thingification" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "materializirane", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "материализиране" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "jùxiànghuà", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "具象化" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "konkretisointi" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "réification" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Verdinglichung" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Vergegenständlichung" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Reifikation" }, { "code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "ypostatopoíisi", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "υποστατοποίηση" }, { "code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "חיפצון" }, { "code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "siljaehwa", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "실재화" }, { "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "opredmetuvanje", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "опредметување" }, { "code": "no", "lang": "Norwegian", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "tingliggjøring" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "reificação" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "reifikacija", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "реификация" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "cosificación" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "reificación" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "cisimleştirme" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "maddeleştirme" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "Consideration of an abstract thing as if it were concrete, or of an inanimate object as if it were living", "word": "soyutlaştırma" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "programming: Process that makes out of a non-computable/addressable object a computable/addressable one", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "Reifizierung" } ], "wikipedia": [ "reification" ], "word": "reification" }
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